One would want to look in the map’s legend for the meanings of the symbols used on a map. The legend will typically have every symbol used on a map, and a quick description of what it is being used for. Most maps use a black dot, for instance, to indicate a city. Dashed lines typically indicate a railroad track. A black circle that isn’t filled in might be used to indicate a town.
A black star or a red dot might be used to indicate an important city or the capital of a state. Highways usually have their numbers by them, but the signs for roads in general would also be in a legend. If a color means something specific, that would be in the legend too.