The correct answer to this question is D. Past research has shown that people who suffer from severe chronic pain are more likely than others to also have a disorder such as anxiety or depression. However, the causal relationship between the two variables is unclear; it is not evident whether psychopathology makes one vulnerable to pain or whether being in pain produces psychopathology.
Additionally, other individual attributes such as gender and culture have been found to impact how people feel and experience pain, meaning there is more to the relationship between psychopathology and pain vulnerability than those two factors alone.
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