A postulate is a theory or hypothesis where proof is not needed because it is evident or it is thought of as true. On the other hand a theorem statement must be proven or has been proven using evidence through multiple problems and situations that have been worked out. One of the most common theorems is the Pythagorean Theorem where a2 + b2 = c2 which you usually use in a triangle to determine the length of one of the sides.
You must be able to know the other two sides. Then you put the numbers into this theorem to get the answer to the other side. This theorem came to be after completing many math problems related to this theorem. It eventually became a theorem.