Air pollution can cause many diseases. It can, of course, cause lung cancer. In fact, it causes more deaths than cigarette smoking does. It gets into the body through the lungs when we breathe and then gets into the blood so it can cause blood diseases and even can affect the nervous system and cause tics and nerve damage. Brain problems often stem from air pollution too. It is sometimes undetected but that doesn't make it any less real.
Birth defects can be caused by air pollution too. There are many things that are probably caused by air pollution that we don't even realize are caused by it. All sorts of cancers can come from breathing bad air and of course asthma, allergies and respiratory illnesses are often caused by it.