Which of the following led to the development of a dual economy in Italy, with the North flourishing over time and the South marked by extremely slow growth? Check off ALL THAT APPLY.

A lack of natural resources in Italy, especially coal and iron
Trade patterns that favored contact between the North and its close neighbors - France, Switzerland, and Austria
Difficult terrain down the peninsula and underdeveloped infrastructure, which hindered the movement of goods to the South
A traditional belief system that overwhelmingly valued the ownership of land as a means of establishing oneself and as a status symbol.
The consolidation of political power and cultural influence in the Center and North of the newly formed country.
Increased rates of taxation which put substantial pressure on small landowners in the South, making business investments impossible
Imperialist military expeditions in East Africa which bolstered military spending but diverted funds from being invested in infrastructure improvements and upgrading of services in the South.

C) People increasingly migrated FROM Italy not TO Italy D) The spread of crime was especially prevalent in the South, not the North. F) With the unification of Italy, tariffs were removed - materials and products could flow within the country without being taxed. The extension of free trade meant that goods cheaper to produce in the North (and cheaper to purchase) were available in the South. This disparity meant local products were more costly in comparison (fewer profits, less money to re-invest, and the cycle continues, weakening local markets). I) Education was a luxury, even with the passage of legislation that required attendance at the grade school level. Poor farming families - the majority of Italians - needed young children to pitch in to ensure the livelihood of the family. K) Foreign powers did not have any explicit agenda in maintaining a state of poverty and underdevelopment in the South of Italy. If anything, one can argue for an ongoing neglect from the political and cultural elite WITHIN Italy who discuss these serious issues but are very ineffective in bringing about lasting systemic changes.