A violin can have about 24 notes. Highly skilled violinist can play about 4 octaves on the strings. Each of the 4 strings can produce about 6 notes.
The lowest note on the violin is the G. The highest note is E which is two octaves above E string. This is used in orchestra.
The violin has no fret like the guitar, which means there is no limit to the amount of pitches you can make on the violin. If a violinist is not on the intended position on the string, the note that would be produced will be out of tune.
A skilled player can play more than two octaves on a single string, and four octaves on the violin. All notes except the lowest and highest can be performed on multiple strings in various positions. The lowest note is the open string G below Middle C. It is easy to play the G that is three octaves higher, but a skilled player can play hundreds of notes much higher than that.
Other instruments, such as the guitar or mandolin, have frets going across the fingerboard which allow only specific notes to be played. Since no frets are going across the fingerboard of the violin, it is impossible to determine precisely how many different notes can be played by a seasoned violinist.