Indeed.... It is cohort study design simply because through cohort study we can determine the incidence rate of a particularly disease at a particular time
The two groups where selected on the basis of the exposure (radium) and followed over time (1945 to 1975) to see what the outcome experience (bone cancer) was. In fact because the investigators when back in time to establish the groups this study could also be called a retrospective cohort study (as compared to the usual prospective cohort study in which the groups are established in real time and followed up into the future.